Questions of my Life--Why

Why am I here?

Why do I have to be here?

Why am I questioning all of these?

Questions of my Life--What

What am I?

Am I the soul who felt everything?

Am I the body who walk and see?

Or am I only a mind who control this body?

What am I?

Plastik Pemakan Oksigen Nan Ajaib

Amosorb adalah bahan kimia serupa plastik yang mampu mengikat oksigen. Kemampuan ini oleh perusahaan pengemas makanan, Cadillac Products of Troy, Mississippi, AS, dibuktikan dengan cara melapiskan amosorb pada bagian dalam kantung pengemas makanan. Dengan demikian oksigen yang menyusup ke kantung bersamaan denganaktif.

Ketika diuji di lab. angkatan Bersenjata AS, terbukti roti yang tersimpan di dalamnya bisa tahan sampai tiga tahun! Pantas saja jika plastik amosorb bisa menyimpan makanan sampai berbulan-bulan. Di pasar swalayan ia bisa dipakai untuk mengemas buah dan salad agar tetap segar.

Bahan kimia lain yang juga mengikat oksigen dikembangkan di Australia oleh Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Cara kerjanya mirip Amosorb tapi agak lebih pintar. Molekul bahan kimia itu hanya akan aktif setelah menerima cahaya dengan panjang gelombang tertentu. Tentu lebih efektif, karena dalam praktik bahan kimia itu baru aktif bila mendapat penyinaran lampu pada akhir proses pengemasan.

Lain lagi yang dilakukan perusahaan Autralia Warenhandels. Bahan kimia pengawet "melebur" dalam plastik dan tidak mengikat oksigen, tapi menghilangkan gas-gas yang membuat buah cepat matang.

Buah matang akan melepaskan ethylene. Kemudian gas ini juga akan memicu pematangan buah di sekitarnya. Dengan hilangnya gas ethylene, proses pematangan buah bisa diperlambat. Dalam praktik, bahan kimia itu efektif memperpanjang kesegaran buah, sayuran dan bunga. Plastik anti pembusukan itu diharapkan bermanfaat di daerah tropika dan subtropika.

Bahan kimia yang sama juga mampu mengikat amonia dan hidrogen sulfida, gas berbau busuk yang dihasilkan oleh bahan organik yang membusuk. Ia juga bisa menghilangkan bau tidak sedap dari kantung sampah.***

Mimin Mutmainnah seorang fotografer freelance yang menimba ilmu di salah satu Collage di Singapura. Kini di Indonesia membuka studio fotografi yang banyak didatangi berbagai media dan even. Silahkan kunjungi website: www.scuoladifotografia.com

Teknologi Mikrohidro Mudah Dan Murah

Teknologi Mikrohidro Warga Gunung Sawur

Untuk menghasilkan listrik dengan sumber energi ramah lingkungan, dapat dilakukan teknologi mikrohidro yang mudah dan murah. Itu sudah dibuktikan Sucipto, seorang warga Dusun Gunung Sawur di lereng selatan Gunung Semeru, Lumajang, Jawa Timur, sejak 1985 pada usianya yang 22 tahun.

"Dasar teorinya ada, saya peroleh dari ST (sekolah teknik, setingkat SMP) dan STM (sekolah teknik menengah, setingkat SMA). Namun, pembuatan alat kelengkapan dan pengembangan teknik mikrohidro secara keseluruhan saya pelajari otodidak," kata Sucipto, saat ditemui di rumahnya, sekaligus untuk bengkel kerjanya, Selasa (21/7).
Untuk menghasilkan listrik dengan sumber energi ramah lingkungan, dapat dilakukan teknologi mikrohidro yang mudah dan murah. Itu sudah dibuktikan Sucipto, seorang warga Dusun Gunung Sawur di lereng selatan Gunung Semeru, Lumajang, Jawa Timur, sejak 1985 pada usianya yang 22 tahun.

"Dasar teorinya ada, saya peroleh dari ST (sekolah teknik, setingkat SMP) dan STM (sekolah teknik menengah, setingkat SMA). Namun, pembuatan alat kelengkapan dan pengembangan teknik mikrohidro secara keseluruhan saya pelajari otodidak," kata Sucipto, saat ditemui di rumahnya, sekaligus untuk bengkel kerjanya.

KOMPAS.

Surgical technologist

Surgical technologists are allied health professionals, who are an integral part of the team of medical practitioners providing surgical care to patients in a variety of settings. Surgical technologists work under medical supervision to facilitate the safe and effective conduct of invasive surgical procedures. Surgical technologists work under the supervision of a nurse or surgeon to ensure that the operating room or environment is safe, that equipment functions properly, and that the operative procedure is conducted under conditions that maximize patient safety. Surgical technologists possess expertise in the theory and application of sterile and aseptic technique and combine the knowledge of human anatomy, surgical procedures, and implementation tools and technologies to facilitate a physician's performance of invasive therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.^[1]

Employment of surgical technologists is expected to grow much faster than the average for all occupations. Job opportunities will be best for technologists who are certified. In fact, according to the Bureau for Labor Statistics,^[2] employment of surgical technologists is expected to grow 24 percent between 2006 and 2016, much faster than the average for all occupations, as the volume of surgeries increases. The number of surgical procedures is expected to rise as the population grows and ages. Older people, including the baby boom generation, who generally require more surgical procedures, will account for a larger portion of the general population. In addition, technological advances, such as fiber optics and laser technology, will permit an increasing number of new surgical procedures to be performed and also will allow surgical technologists to assist with a greater number of procedures.^[2]

Surgical technologists held about 86,690 jobs in 2006. About 75 percent of jobs for surgical technologists were in hospitals, mainly in operating and delivery rooms. Other jobs were in offices of physicians or dentists who perform outpatient surgery and in outpatient care centers, including ambulatory surgery centers. A few technologists, known as private scrubs, are employed directly by surgeons who have special surgical teams, like those for liver transplants.^[2]

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Role 3 Training and certification 4 Earnings 5 Professional organization 6 Work environments 7 References 8 External links

[edit] History

The role of the Surgical Technologist began on the battlefields in World War I and World War II when the Army used "Medics" to work under the direct supervision of the Surgeon. Concurrently, medical "Corpsman" were used in the Navy aboard combat ships. Nurses were not allowed on the battlefield or aboard combat ships at the time. This led to a new profession within the military called Operating Room Technicians (ORTs).

On the home front they were all going overseas or performing duties in military hospitals. An accelerated nursing program with emphasis only on operating room technology was set up as an on-the-job training of nursing assistants who worked in the surgery department. These individuals studied sterilization of instruments and how to care for the patient in the operating room. Techniques, sutures, draping and instrumentation were emphasized; they also had to do clinical time in labor and delivery and the Emergency Room.

After the Korean War there were shortages of operating room nurses. Operating room supervisors began to recruit ex-medics and ex-corpsmen to work in civilian hospitals. These ex-military men functioned as circulators in the operating room while the scrub role or “instrument nurse” role was performed by the Registered Nurse. It wasn’t until 1965 that these roles were reversed.

In 1967 the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) published a book titled Teaching the Operating Room Technician. In 1968 the AORN Board of Directors created the Association of Operation Room Technicians (AORT). The AORT formed two committees in 1969, The Liaison Council on Certification for the Surgical Technologist or LCC-ST (now known as the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting or NBSTSA) and the Joint Committee on Education. The first certification examination was given in 1970, and those that passed the certification examination were given a new title: Certified Operating Room Technician (CORT).

In 1973 AORT became independent of AORN and changed the title of the position to what it is today, Surgical Technologist. The AORT also changed their name to the Association of Surgical Technologists (AST). In 1974 an accreditation body was needed to ensure quality education of the ORT. The programs accredited by ARC/STSA (Accreditation Review Committee for Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting) (formerly ARC-ST)are monitored for compliance with the standards. The ARC/STSA and AST board of directors recommends the Associates Degree as entry level surgical technology education.

AST has worked diligently since 1973 to promote excellence in surgical technology profession. Today Surgical Technologists taking and passing the national certification examination designed by the National Board of Surgical Technologists and Surgical Assistants (NBSTSA)earn the title of Certified Surgical Technologist (CST).^[1] Certification can be renewed by contact hours or re-examination.

[edit] Role

The following description of the surgical technologist has been approved by the American College of Surgeons^[3] and the Association of Surgical Technologists:^[1]

Scrub Surgical Technologist

The scrub surgical technologist handles the instruments, supplies, and equipment necessary during the surgical procedure. He/she has an understanding of the procedure being performed and anticipates the needs of the surgeon. He/she has the necessary knowledge and ability to ensure quality patient care during the operative procedure and is constantly on vigil for maintenance of the sterile field. Duties are as follows:

1. Checks supplies and equipment needed for surgical procedure
2. Scrubs, gowns, and gloves
3. Sets up sterile table with instruments, supplies, equipment, and medications/solutions needed for procedure
4. Performs appropriate counts with circulator prior to the operation and before incision is closed
5. Gowns and gloves surgeon and assistants
6. Helps in draping sterile field
7. Passes instruments, etc., to surgeon during procedure
8. Maintains highest standard of sterile technique during procedure
9. Prepares sterile dressings
10. Cleans and prepares instruments for terminal sterilization
11. Assists other members of team with terminal cleaning of room
12. Assists in prepping room for the next patient

Circulating Surgical Technologist

The surgical technologist assisting in circulating obtains additional instruments, supplies, and equipment necessary while the surgical procedure is in progress. He/she monitors conditions in the operating room and constantly assesses the needs of the patient and surgical team. Duties are as follows:

1. Obtains appropriate sterile and unsterile items needed for procedure
2. Opens sterile supplies
3. Checks patient’s chart, identifies patient, verifies surgery to be performed with consent forms, and brings patient to assigned operating room
4. Transfers patient to operating room table
5. Assesses comfort and safety measures and provides verbal and tactile reassurance to the patient
6. Assists anesthesia personnel
7. Positions patient, using appropriate equipment
8. Applies electrosurgical grounding pads, tourniquets, monitors, etc., before procedure begins
9. Prepares the patient’s skin prior to draping by surgical team
10. Performs appropriate counts with scrub person prior to the operation and before incision is closed
11. Anticipates additional supplies needed during the procedure
12. Keeps accurate records throughout the procedure
13. Properly cares for specimens
14. Secures dressings after incision closure
15. Helps transport patient to recovery room
16. Assists in cleaning of room and preparing for next patient

Second Assisting Technologist

The second assisting surgical technologist assists the surgeon and/or first assistant during the operative procedure by carrying out technical tasks other than cutting, clamping, and suturing of tissue. This role is distinct from that of the first assistant and may, in some circumstances, be performed at the same time as the scrub role. Duties include but are not exclusive to the following:

1. Holds retractors or instruments as directed by the surgeon
2. Sponges or suctions operative site
3. Applies electrocautery to clamps on bleeders
4. Cuts suture material as directed by the surgeon
5. Connects drains to suction apparatus
6. Applies dressings to closed wound

[edit] Training and certification

Educationally, surgical technologists graduate from surgical technology programs accredited through CAAHEP which relies on information on a program gathered by a collaborative effort of AST^[1] and ACS,^[4] by CAAHEP.^[5] CAAHEP is a recognized accreditation agency of the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA).^[6] In addition, surgical technology programs are located in educational institutions that are institutionally accredited by agencies recognized by the United States Department of Education (USDE) or The Joint Commission. The ARC/STSA is also a member of the Association of Specialized and Professional Accreditors (ASPA).

The following statement was developed by the American College of Surgeons’ Committee on Perioperative Care, and approved by the ACS Board of Regents at its June 2005 meeting. This statement was subsequently approved by the Association of Surgical Technologists, American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Association of Surgical Physician Assistants, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, and American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.

Surgical technologists are individuals with specialized education who function as members of the surgical team in the role of scrub person. With additional education and training, some surgical technologists function in the role of surgical first assistant. Surgical technology programs are inspected by the Accreditation Review Committee on Education in Surgical Technology—a collaborative effort of the Association of Surgical Technologists and the American College of Surgeons, under the auspices of the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs.^[5] Accredited programs provide both didactic education and supervised clinical experience based on a core curriculum for surgical technology.

Accredited programs may be offered in community and junior colleges, vocational and technical schools, the military, universities, and structured hospital programs in surgical technology. The accredited programs vary from nine to 15 months for a diploma or certificate to two years for an associates degree, which is the preferred entry level.

Graduates of accredited surgical technology programs are eligible for certification by the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting^[7] (NBSTSA), an administratively independent body from the Association of Surgical Technologists consisting of representative Certified Surgical Technologists, a surgeon, and the public.

The American College of Surgeons strongly supports adequate education and training of all surgical technologists, supports the accreditation of all surgical technology educational programs, and supports examination for certification of all graduates of accredited surgical technology educational programs.

[edit] Earnings

According to the Bureau for Labor Statistics, the median annual earnings of wage-and-salary surgical technologists were $36,080 in May 2006. The middle 50 percent earned between $30,300 and $43,560. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $25,490, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $51,140. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of surgical technologists were:

• Offices of physicians $37,500
• Outpatient care centers 37,290
• General medical and surgical hospitals 35,980
• Offices of dentists 37,080

Benefits provided by most employers include paid vacation and sick leave, health, medical, vision, dental insurance and life insurance, and retirement program. A few employers also provide tuition reimbursement and child care benefits.^[2]

According to the Mayo Clinic’s School of Health Sciences, the median annual earnings of surgical technologists in 2006 were $44,077. Salaries ranged from $34,410 to $54,204.^[8]

[edit] Professional organization

The professional organization for surgical technologists is the Association of Surgical Technologists (AST). Formed in 1969 with the support of the American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Association (AHA), and Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN), AST represents the interests of over 80,000 surgical technologists.

AST's primary purpose is to ensure that surgical technologists have the knowledge and skills to administer patient care of the highest quality and is the principal provider in conjunction with more than 40 state organizations of continuing education for surgical technologists. AST also works with ARC-ST and NBSTSA to set standards for education and certification and represents the profession at state and national levels to ensure graduation from an accredited program in surgical technology and that all surgical technologists attain the Certified Surgical Technologist credential as a condition of employment.

[edit] Work environments

• Operating rooms in hospitals.
• Central Sterile Processing in hospitals
• Dental and orthodontic offices
• Private surgical facilities
• Experienced surgical technologists may return to teach future technologists.
• Organ and Tissue donation organizations
• Veterinary clinics
• Military facilities
• Sales representatives in industry

Laba-Laba Nano, Robot Penghancur Kanker Dari Dalam Tubuh

KOLUMBIA (Berita SuaraMedia) - Para ilmuwan telah menciptakan robot mikroskopis dari molekul DNA yang dapat berjalan, berbalik dan bahkan menciptakan produk-produk kecil mereka sendiri di jalur perakitan skala nano.

Perangkat revolusioner yang dijelaskan dalam jurnal Nature ini di masa depan diharapkan bisa memimpin pasukan robot ahli bedah yang membersihkan arteri manusia atau membangun komponen komputer di dalamnya.

Diberitakan Daily Mail, salah satu pendukung proyek ini dari New York Columbia University ini bahkan telah mengembangkan robot laba-laba berukuran 4 nanometer atau sekitar 100.000 kali lebih kecil dari diameter rambut manusia.

Robot laba-laba ini diharapkan dapat berjalan sepanjang lintasan DNA. Dengan menggunakan alur yang sesuai dengan urutan, robot dapat dibuat untuk berjalan, berbelok ke kiri atau kanan sesuai alur untaian DNA.

Tubuh robot ini terdiri dari protein yang biasa disebut streptavidin. Melekat padanya kaki tiga 'enzimatik DNA' untai tunggal yang mengikat dan kaki keempatnya adalah untaian yang membawa laba-laba ke titik awal.

"Setelah robot dilepaskan dari pemicu, maka ia akan mengikat kemudian memotong untaian DNA," ujar Milan Stojanovic selaku ketua tim proyek. Setelah untaian dipotong, kaki robot mulai meraih jalur dan mencocokan DNA. dengan ini, robot dipandu ke jalur yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti.

Untuk melihat robot ini bergerak, para peneliti menggunakan mikroskop kekuatan atom. Hebatnya lagi, Robot ini bisa mencatat tanda-tanda penyakit pada permukaan sel, menentukan sel itu adalah kanker, menghancurkan sel kanker bahkan robot itu bisa memberikan senyawa untuk membunuhnya.

Rupanya 'DNA berjalan' ini sudah dikembangkan sejak dulu, namun mereka tak pernah mencapai prestasi seperti saat ini. "Robot itu bisa berjalan hingga 100 nanometer atau sekitar 50 langkah," ungkap Profesor Yan asal Arizona State University.

"Ini pertama kalinya sistem mesin nano digunakan untuk melakukan operasi. Sebuah kemajuan penting dalam evolusi teknologi DNA," kata Lloyd Smith dari University of Wisconsin, Madison. Hampir 6 miliar poundsterling diinvestasikan dalam penelitian dan pengembangan produk nano di seluruh dunia. (ar/dtk/ink) www.suaramedia.com

Nanorobot Mampu Jelajahi Pembuluh Darah

shutterstock

Ilustrasi

Kompas.com - Sejumlah ilmuwan AS telah mengembangkan robot berukuran partikel nano (nanometer > 10 pangkat -9 meter) yang mampu berselancar pada darah pasien hingga sampai ke tumor di mana robot tersebut bisa memberikan terapi yang dapat menghentikan aktivitas gen kanker. Penemuan ini dilaporkan dalam jurnal ilmiah Nature, Minggu (21/3).

Penemuan ini mengarah pada pendekatan baru yang disebut RNA (ribonucleic acid) interference atau RNAi. Zat kimia RNA ini berfungsi sebagai pembawa pesan yang penting fungsinya dalam proses pertumbuhan penyakit.

Puluhan perusahaan bioteknologi dan farmasi seperti Alnylam, Merck, Pfizer, Novartis, dan Roche sibuk mencari cara memanipulasi RNA untuk menahan gen-gen yang memproduksi protein penyebab penyakit turut berperan pada kanker, kebutaan, atau AIDS. Kesulitannya adalah bagaimana melakukan pengobatan pada target yang tepat di dalam tubuh.

Tim dari California Institute of Technology di Pasadena ini menggunakan teknologi nano untuk menciptakan robot superkecil yang dibalut protein transferrin mencari ujung saraf atau molekul sebagai pintu masuk pada berbagai tipe tumor. ”Ini merupakan studi yang pertama kali berhasil masuk ke sana dan menunjukkan mekanisme aksi mereka,” ujar Mark Davis, profesor teknik kimia yang memimpin tim itu.

Pendekatan Davis dan timnya adalah ketika partikel menemukan sel kanker dan memasukinya, mereka membelah diri, melepaskan RNA kecil yang mengintervensi yang mengeblok gen yang memproduksi protein penumbuh kanker yang disebut ribonucleotide reductase.
Dalam percobaan dengan penderita berbagai jenis tumor, tim itu memberikan empat kali dosis selama 21 hari dengan infus selama 30 menit. Contoh tumor dari tiga penderita melanoma menunjukkan bahwa partikel nano bisa masuk ke dalam sel-sel tumor dan mereka bisa melumpuhkan ribonucleotide reductase. Hasil penelitian akan digelar dalam pertemuan American Society of Clinical Oncology, Juni nanti. (REUTERS/ISW)

Sumber :Kompas ,Selasa, 23 Maret 2010 | 09:49 WIB